Nov 01, 2024  
2019-2020 Florida Tech Catalog 
    
2019-2020 Florida Tech Catalog [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Course Descriptions


Courses are listed alpha-numerically. The 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 series are undergraduate courses. The 5000 series are graduate courses that can also be taken by undergraduates with cumulative grade point averages of 2.75 or higher, who have satisfied all listed prerequisites and whose registration is approved by the department head or program chair responsible for the course. The 6000 series courses are restricted to graduate students only. Courses below 1000 are developmental in nature, are not counted in GPA calculations and do not count toward any Florida Tech degree.

Courses that may be taken in fulfillment of Undergraduate Core Requirements are designated as follows: CL: computer literacy requirement, COM: communication elective, HU: humanities elective, LA: liberal arts elective, Q: scholarly inquiry requirement, SS: social science elective, CC: cross-cultural, Hon: course may include honors sections during some semesters. These designations follow the course descriptions. Other courses that satisfy Undergraduate Core Requirements are identified by the course prefix: any MTH course can be used toward meeting the mathematics requirement; and any AVS, BIO, CHM or PHY course, or EDS 1031  or EDS 1032 , toward meeting the physical/life sciences requirement.

 

Space Science

  
  • SPS 4200 Senior Seminar 1

    Credit Hours: 1
    Includes reports and discussions on selected topics in contemporary, experimental and theoretical physics and space sciences.
    (Q)
    Requirement(s): Student must be within three semesters of graduation
  
  • SPS 4201 Special Topics in Space Sciences

    Credit Hours: 3
    Studies specific problems of space sciences.
  
  • SPS 4210 Senior Seminar 2

    Credit Hours: 1
    Includes reports and discussions on selected topics in contemporary, experimental and theoretical physics and space sciences.
    (Q)
    Requirement(s): Student must be within three semesters of graduation
    Prerequisite: SPS 4200 
  
  • SPS 4301 Independent Studies

    Credit Hours: 3
    Individual study of specific problems in space sciences.
    Requirement(s): Department head approval
  
  • SPS 4901 Undergraduate Research

    Credit Hours: 3
    Individual research directed by a faculty member.
    Requirement(s): Department head approval
  
  • SPS 4902 Undergraduate Research

    Credit Hours: 3
    Individual research directed by a faculty member.
    Requirement(s): Department head approval
  
  • SPS 5010 Astrophysics 1: Stellar Structure and Evolution

    Credit Hours: 3
    Introduces basic interior structural equations, energy generation processes, opacity, energy transport, radiation transport in stellar atmospheres, star formation, late stages of stellar evolution, stellar binaries and clusters. Special emphasis on analytic and numerical models relevant to the sun.
    Recommended: Background knowledge equivalent to PHY 3011 Physical Mechanics  and PHY 3060 Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Mechanics  
  
  • SPS 5011 Astrophysics 2: Galactic Structure and Cosmology

    Credit Hours: 3
    Includes formation and evolution of the Galaxy, including stellar populations and kinematics, spiral density theory; extragalactic astronomy, active galactic nuclei, Hubble’s law, large-scale structure; and cosmology, including inflationary cosmology and the particle physics connection.
    Recommended: Background knowledge in thermodynamics equivalent to PHY 3060 Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Mechanics  
    Prerequisite: PHY 5015  
  
  
  • SPS 5021 Space Physics 2: The High-Energy Universe

    Credit Hours: 3
    The theoretical background and methods for observing gamma rays, x-rays, high energy electrons and heavy particles, cosmic rays, neutrons and gravitational waves from both spacecraft and Earth.
    Recommended: Background knowledge in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics equivalent to PHY 3060 Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Mechanics  
    Prerequisite: PHY 5017 , and (SPS 4025  or SPS 5020 )
  
  • SPS 5030 Planetary Science 1: Interiors

    Credit Hours: 3
    Mechanical and thermal processes governing the interior structure and surfaces of the major and minor planetary bodies of the solar system. Includes the planetary crust, mantle, core, core-mantle interface, seismicity, density and elastic constants.
    Recommended: Background knowledge equivalent to PHY 3011 Physical Mechanics  and SPS 3010 Geophysics  
  
  • SPS 5031 Planetary Science 2: Atmospheres

    Credit Hours: 3
    Principles governing the evolution, composition and retention of planetary atmospheres and the interplanetary environment. Includes the neutral atmosphere, photochemical processes, diffusion dynamics and planetary ionospheres and magnetospheres.
    Recommended: Background knowledge equivalent to PHY 3060 Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Mechanics  
  
  • SPS 5088 Special Topics in Space Sciences

    Credit Hours: 3
    Investigates specific problems in the space sciences.
    Requirement(s): Department head approval
  
  • SPS 5090 Special Topics in Observational Astronomy 1

    Credit Hours: 3
    Participation in advanced observing programs at the university’s observatories.
    Requirement(s): Department head approval
  
  • SPS 5899 Final Semester Thesis

    Credit Hours: 0 - 2
    Variable registration for thesis completion after satisfaction of minimum registration requirements.
    Requirement(s): Approval by Office of Graduate Programs and accepted petition to graduate
  
  • SPS 5999 Thesis

    Credit Hours: 3 - 6
    Individual work under the direction of a member or members of the graduate faculty on a selected topic in space sciences.
    Requirement(s): Department head approval
  
  • SPS 6001 Individual Studies

    Credit Hours: 1 - 3
    Preparation for doctoral qualifying examination by individual studies under faculty supervision.
    Requirement(s): Department head approval
  
  • SPS 6090 Research

    Credit Hours: 1 - 6
    Research leading to the doctoral dissertation.
    Requirement(s): Department head approval
  
  • SPS 6899 Final Semester Dissertation

    Credit Hours: 0 - 2
    Variable registration for dissertation completion after satisfaction of minimum registration requirements.
    Requirement(s): Approval by Office of Graduate Programs and accepted candidacy
  
  • SPS 6999 Dissertation

    Credit Hours: 3 - 12
    Preparation of doctoral dissertation.
    Requirement(s): Department head approval and admission to doctoral candidacy

Software Engineering

  
  • SWE 0002 Final Program Examination

    Credit Hours: 0
    Requires registration in order to sit for the final program examination.
  
  • SWE 0003 Final Program Examination 2

    Credit Hours: 0
    Requires registration in order to sit for the final program examination.
    Prerequisite: SWE 0002   Corequisite: SWE 0002  
  
  • SWE 0004 Final Program Examination 3

    Credit Hours: 0
    Requires registration in order to sit for the final program examination.
    Prerequisite: SWE 0003   Corequisite: SWE 0003  
  
  • SWE 5001 Software Engineering 1

    Credit Hours: 3
    The application of engineering rigor to all phases of the software development life cycle; requirements elicitation and analysis, software architecture, software design and construction, software integration and test, and software maintenance. Students work individually to develop a software system from an initial problem statement through release of the completed product.
  
  • SWE 5002 Software Engineering 2

    Credit Hours: 3
    The application of engineering rigor and team coordination to develop a software product. Provided with an initial problem statement, teams create and document their own disciplined procedures for each phase of the software development life cycle, then develop the software according to their own documented processes and finally provide in-depth critiques of the processes they followed.
    Prerequisite: SWE 5001  
  
  • SWE 5100 Advanced Software Engineering

    Credit Hours: 3
    Covers advanced aspects of software development and presents issues pertaining to their application to fields such as cybersecurity, embedded systems and machine learning. Discusses agile development methods along with project and quality management aspects for building secure, reliable and maintainable software systems.
    Background knowledge equivalent to CSE 2010 Algorithms and Data Structures .  
  
  • SWE 5110 Requirements Engineering

    Credit Hours: 3
    Provides an in-depth study of software requirements engineering tools and techniques. Includes gathering user requirements, formal specification of system behavior, system interfaces, end-user and system documentation and validation techniques. Emphasizes the end-user aspect of gathering and formalizing or user requirements.
    Prerequisite: SWE 5001  
  
  • SWE 5120 Model-Based Software Engineering

    Credit Hours: 3
    Focuses on modern software engineering methods and technologies used in the modeling of software. Covers both pragmatic engineering elements and the underlying theory of the model-based approach to analysis, design, implementation and maintenance of complex software-intensive systems.
    Background knowledge equivalent to CSE 2010 Algorithms and Data Structures .
  
  • SWE 5320 Windows Systems Programming

    Credit Hours: 3
    Focuses on programming for Windows® 32- and 64-bit operating systems. Windows handling of processes, threads and memory management with emphasis on writing programs to optimally use these resources. Use of and programming for UNICODE, dynamic link libraries and the WIN32 API. Students write substantial programs in Visual C++.®
  
  • SWE 5411 Software Testing 1

    Credit Hours: 3
    Explores functional (black box) methods for testing software systems, reporting problems effectively and planning testing projects. Students apply what they have learned throughout the course to a sample application that is commercially available or under development. The choice of sample application changes from term to term.
    Prerequisite: (CSE 2410  or SWE 5001 ), and CSE 1400  and CSE 2400  
  
  • SWE 5415 Software Testing 2

    Credit Hours: 3
    Explores structural (glass box) methods for testing software. Testing of variables in simultaneous and sequential combinations, application programmer interfaces, protocols, design by contract, coverage analysis, testability, diagnostics, asserts and other methods to expose errors, regression test frameworks, test-first programming.
    Prerequisite: CSE 3411  or SWE 5411  
  
  • SWE 5425 Advanced Software Testing

    Credit Hours: 3
    Teaches advanced skills in test analysis, design and execution. Focuses on exploring testing levels (unit, integration and system testing) and automated testing techniques and tools used in the real world. Acquaints students with testing approaches to validate quality attributes of software systems such as security and reliability.
    Prerequisite: SWE 5100  and SWE 5120  
  
  • SWE 5440 Introduction to Software Architecture

    Credit Hours: 3
    Presents the role of software architecture in the software engineering life cycle. Covers techniques for design to meet functional requirements; analysis with respect to desired attributes such as performance, reliability and maintainability; and improvement to better satisfy desired attributes while still meeting functional requirements.
    Prerequisite: SWE 5001  
  
  • SWE 5450 Software Architecture and Design Methods

    Credit Hours: 3
    Presents state-of-the-art architecture design and analysis methods and tools. Discusses concepts in the design of large software systems. Focuses primarily on partitioning large systems into smaller, separately-created components that can scale independently and also be integrated with each other or with existing systems.
    Prerequisite: SWE 5100  and SWE 5120  
  
  • SWE 5621 Software Metrics and Modeling

    Credit Hours: 3
    Examines common software metrics, axiomatic foundations of measurement, validity of measurements and measurement dysfunction, and some statistical and modeling approaches to help students make their software measurements meaningful.
    Prerequisite: (CSE 2410  or SWE 5001 ), and CSE 2400  
  
  • SWE 5899 Final Semester Thesis

    Credit Hours: 0 - 2
    Variable registration for thesis completion after satisfaction of minimum registration requirements.
    Requirement(s): Approval by Office of Graduate Programs and accepted petition to graduate
  
  • SWE 5900 Special Topics in Software Engineering

    Credit Hours: 1 - 3
    Selected topics of current interest in software engineering. Material varies according to faculty and student interest.
    Requirement(s): Instructor approval
    May be repeated for credit.
  
  • SWE 5999 Thesis

    Credit Hours: 3 - 6
    Individual work under the direct guidance of a faculty member, culminating in the formal defense of a written thesis.
    Requirement(s): Instructor approval

Sustainability

  
  • SUS 1500 Introduction to Sustainability

    Credit Hours: 3
    Uses lectures, reading and discussions to explore the biological, environmental, economic, technological, humanistic and social science aspects of sustainable resource use and development.
  
  • SUS 3250 Systems, Governance and Sustainability

    Credit Hours: 3
    Examines systems principles for sustainable governance from fields including complexity theory, cybernetics, social networks and risk communications. Covers such system attributes as feedback loops, response delays, traps, resilience, thresholds and system evolution. Also covers best practices for sustaining complex adaptive systems.
    (CC)
    Prerequisite: ISC 1500 or SUS 1500  
  
  • SUS 3999 Sustainability Project Design

    Credit Hours: 1
    Develops basic components of project and team management. Requires design of a sustainability project by a team or individual in preparation for the sustainability capstone project in SUS 4000 Applied Sustainability . Includes evaluation of multiple alternatives and presentation of a schedule and cost estimate.
    Prerequisite: SUS 1500  
  
  • SUS 4000 Applied Sustainability

    Credit Hours: 3
    Requires the design, production and presentation of an individual or group project on improving the sustainable operation of some aspect of the Florida Tech main campus, Florida Tech satellite location or another approved location.
    (Q)
    Requirement(s): Instructor approval
    Prerequisite: SUS 3999  
  
  • SUS 4350 Sustainability Economics

    Credit Hours: 3
    Surveys emerging topics in sustainable business and ecological economics. Includes measurement of social and environmental capital via triple bottom-line accounting and other tools. Covers the economics of renewable and fossil energy and carbon accounting, and the behaviors of coupled systems when externalities are included.
    Prerequisite: BUS 4426 , and (MTH 1001  or MTH 1010  or MTH 1702 ) Corequisite: BUS 4426  

Systems Engineering

  
  • SYS 0002 Final Program Examination

    Credit Hours: 0
    Requires registration in order to sit for the final program examination.
  
  • SYS 0003 Final Program Examination 2

    Credit Hours: 0
    Requires registration in order to sit for the final program examination.
    Prerequisite: SYS 0002   Corequisite: SYS 0002  
  
  • SYS 0004 Final Program Examination 3

    Credit Hours: 0
    Requires registration in order to sit for the final program examination.
    Prerequisite: SYS 0003   Corequisite: SYS 0003  
  
  • SYS 4310 Systems Engineering Principles

    Credit Hours: 3
    Introduces the principles in systems engineering (SE) that deal with system life cycle phases. Emphasizes requirements and design methodologies. Includes SE definition; life cycle methodologies, tools and techniques; evaluation of system and technology alternatives; reliability and maintainability; trade-off models; and management tools and techniques.
    Minimum student level - junior
    Requirement(s): Instructor approval
    Prerequisite: MTH 2201  or MTH 3200  
  
  • SYS 4460 Systems Requirements Analysis

    Credit Hours: 3
    Provides an in-depth study of systems requirements processes and tools. Includes concepts such as capturing stakeholder requirements, the importance of the concept of operations and the system development life-cycle process.
    Minimum student level - junior
    Requirement(s): Instructor approval
    Prerequisite: MTH 2201  or MTH 3200  
  
  • SYS 5310 Systems Engineering Principles

    Credit Hours: 3
    Introduces the fundamental principles in systems engineering (SE) that deal with system life cycle phases with emphasis on requirement and design methodologies. Key topics include SE definition; life cycle methodologies, tools and techniques; evaluation of system and technology alternatives; reliability and maintainability; trade-off models; and SE management tools and techniques.
    Must be enrolled in systems engineering (8075, 8097)
  
  • SYS 5315 Model-Based Systems Engineering

    Credit Hours: 3
    Covers the principles, methodologies and processes of the model-based systems engineering methodology. Covers the design, development and validation of complex systems for engineers and professionals. Focuses on system modeling language (SysML), incorporating flexibility, refinement and collaboration.
  
  • SYS 5350 Systems Modeling and Analysis

    Credit Hours: 3
    System simulation modeling and analysis tools and techniques, covering issues such as variability, covariance and correlation. Includes management of simulation and modeling projects, verification and validation techniques, variance reduction techniques, animation, continuous system simulation, and creativity and innovation through modeling.
    Must be enrolled in systems engineering (8075, 8097)
  
  • SYS 5360 Electrooptics/Infrared Systems Engineering

    Credit Hours: 3
    Introduces optical systems engineering and associated principles, methods and techniques. Provides a systems engineering view of the optical system including source characterization, optical propagation, the effects of the atmosphere, optics and imaging, detectors, image and signal processing and displaying the resulting information.
  
  • SYS 5365 Decisions and Risk Analysis

    Credit Hours: 3
    Analytical methods to solve decision problems that involve uncertainties, opposing objectives and limited or excessive information. Key topics include structuring decision, expected opportunity loss, expected value of imperfect information, Bayesian Analysis, utility curves, decision trees, risk analysis/mitigation tools and techniques, and risk profiles.
    Must be enrolled in systems engineering (8075, 8097)
  
  • SYS 5370 Research Methods in Systems Engineering

    Credit Hours: 3
    Systematic measurement and analysis of data to improve decision accuracy. Key topics include scientific approach as in solving SE problems, hypothesis testing, data collection issues such as survey data, reliability, accuracy of measured data, data measurement tools and techniques, statistical process control, design of experiment methods, full and fractional designs, multiple regression analysis.
    Must be enrolled in systems engineering (8075, 8097)
  
  • SYS 5375 Military Operations Research

    Credit Hours: 3
    Quantitative methods used in support of military decisions at strategic and tactical levels. Key topics include operations research concepts, quantitative evaluation of military alternatives, resource allocation models (linear and non-linear programming), assignment problems, transportation modeling (deployment, airlifting, mobility), inventory models and limited area/limited time operations.
  
  • SYS 5380 Systems Engineering Design Project

    Credit Hours: 3
    This team-oriented capstone course in the graduating semester enables the student to integrate learning from all MSSE courses in a real-life project setting. Day-to-day progress is monitored by a company supervisor with weekly status reports turned in to the supervisor and the instructor. Input from the company supervisor is a factor in the final grade.
  
  • SYS 5385 System Life Cycle Cost Estimation

    Credit Hours: 3
    Includes tools and techniques used in estimating cost of all phases of a system. Covers total system cost including research and development, investment and operation. Also includes the system life cycle (SLC) cost estimation process, SLC cost estimation models including discounted cash-flow analysis, activity-based costing, and cost-benefit calculations. Teaches cost scenario sensitivity analysis and design-to-cost concepts.
  
  • SYS 5420 System Architecture Fundamentals

    Credit Hours: 3
    Presents a comprehensive, technical, systems-oriented approach to understanding contemporary issues in enterprise architecture (EA) systems. EA includes strategic planning, management and decision-making by presenting integrated and coordinated views of an enterprise.
  
  • SYS 5430 Enterprise Architecture Integration and Implementation

    Credit Hours: 3
    Looks at integration and implementation issues associated with enterprise architecture systems. Presents implementation methodologies and describes documentation frameworks. Exposes students to architecture components and artifacts.
    Requirement(s): Instructor approval
  
  • SYS 5440 Enterprise Architecture Project Planning, Management and Documentation

    Credit Hours: 3
    Looks at project planning and management functions such as project organization, planning and control, requirements analysis and risk management.
    Requirement(s): Instructor approval
  
  • SYS 5450 Service-oriented Architecture Concepts and Theory

    Credit Hours: 3
    Looks at service-oriented architecture concepts and theory. Presents the enterprise architecture perspective of service-oriented architectures. Introduces primary software service implementation technologies and overviews standards and languages.
    Requirement(s): Instructor approval
  
  • SYS 5460 Systems Requirements Analysis

    Credit Hours: 3
    Provides an in-depth study of systems requirements processes and tools. Includes concepts such as capturing stakeholder requirements, the importance of the concept of operations and the system development life-cycle process.
    Must be enrolled in systems engineering (8075, 8097)
  
  • SYS 5495 Special Topics in Systems Engineering

    Credit Hours: 3
    Investigates special interest topics and novel applications or implementations of systems engineering principles under the guidance of graduate faculty.
    Requirement(s): Instructor approval
  
  • SYS 5899 Final Semester Thesis

    Credit Hours: 0-2
    Variable registration for thesis completion after satisfaction of minimum registration requirements.
    Requirement(s): Approval by Office of Graduate Programs and accepted petition to graduate
  
  • SYS 5999 Thesis Research in Systems Engineering

    Credit Hours: 3 - 6
    Individual research under the direction of a member of the graduate faculty in a selected systems engineering topic.
    Requirement(s): Thesis advisor approval
    May be repeated for a maximum of six credits
  
  • SYS 6010 Advanced Topics in Decision and Risk Analysis

    Credit Hours: 3
    Discusses advanced analytical methods for complicated decisions involving uncertainties, opposing objectives, and limited or excessive information. Also discusses advanced analytical methods for dealing with strategic decisions.
    Must be enrolled in systems engineering (8075, 8097)
    Prerequisite: SYS 5365  
  
  • SYS 6020 Advanced Topics in Systems Modeling and Analysis

    Credit Hours: 3
    Builds on material covered in SYS 5350 . Advances practical working knowledge of the systems analysis process, modeling and simulation technology. Includes advanced techniques related to decision and data analysis using discrete-event simulation.
    Must be enrolled in systems engineering (8075, 8097)
    Prerequisite: SYS 5350  
  
  • SYS 6030 Advanced Topics in Process Engineering

    Credit Hours: 3
    Allows investigation of advanced topics, tools, principles and methodologies in process engineering. Also investigates advances in modeling standards, process metrics, system process modeling, business process modeling and workflow process modeling.
    Must be enrolled in systems engineering (8075, 8097)
    Prerequisite: SYS 5370  
  
  • SYS 6040 Seminar in Systems Engineering

    Credit Hours: 3
    Covers contemporary issues in systems engineering. Includes a wide range of advanced topics such as modern requirements analysis methods, process engineering, decision and risk analysis, engineering modeling and design, team dynamics and productivity, and system analysis and design.
    Must be enrolled in systems engineering (8075, 8097)
    Prerequisite: SYS 5310  and SYS 5385  
  
  • SYS 6899 Final Semester Dissertation

    Credit Hours: 0-2
    Variable registration for dissertation completion after satisfaction of minimum registration requirements.
    Requirement(s): Approval by Office of Graduate Programs and accepted candidacy
  
  • SYS 6999 Dissertation

    Credit Hours: 3 - 12
    Preparation of doctoral dissertation.
    Requirement(s): Department head approval and admission to doctoral candidacy

Writing

  
  • WRI 0100 English Writing Review

    Credit Hours: 3
    Provides instruction to students on the writing process with a focus on vocabulary development, sentence structure and paragraph construction. Includes how to develop full-length essays to prepare for higher-level courses. Required for students with writing samples graded three or below.
    Requirement(s): Credit cannot be applied toward any Florida Tech degree
  
  • WRI 0105 Sentences and Paragraphs

    Credit Hours: 3
    Reviews basic grammar and sentence structure. Teaches how to write effective sentences and paragraphs. Introduces essay writing.
    Requirement(s): Must be enrolled in Florida Tech Online and credit cannot be applied to any Florida Tech degree
  
  • WRI 0110 College English Grammar

    Credit Hours: 3
    Provides instruction to students on the writing process with a focus on grammar and syntax. Reviews grammar, syntax, spelling and punctuation rules, and developing paragraphs into essays to prepare for higher-level courses. Required for students with placement test scores below 30.
    Requirement(s): Credit cannot be applied toward any Florida Tech degree
  
  • WRI 1000 First-Year Writing 1

    Credit Hours: 3
    Introduces rhetorical analysis, writing and critical thinking. Includes intensive reading of multiple genres and practice in writing and revising.
    Requirement(s): Must be enrolled in Florida Tech Online. Passing score on placement exam or prerequisite course. First in a two-course sequence
    Prerequisite: WRI 0105  
  
  • WRI 1001 First-Year Writing 2

    Credit Hours: 3
    Continues work begun in WRI 1000 First-Year Writing 1 . Includes study in rhetorical analysis and the conventions of various genres. Also includes intensive instruction in writing and revision of work that culminates in a research paper.
    Requirement(s): Must be enrolled in Florida Tech Online. Passing score on placement exam or prerequisite course. Second in a two-course sequence
    Prerequisite: WRI 1000  
  
  • WRI 2150 Creative Writing

    Credit Hours: 3
    Introduces the techniques of writing fiction, poetry, creative non-fiction and drama through a workshop structure. Focuses on production of texts, peer criticism, in-class and outside class exercises and analyses of published texts.
    (LA)
    Prerequisite: COM 1102  
  
  • WRI 3150 Advanced Creative Writing

    Credit Hours: 3
    Builds upon the craft, technique and process learned in WRI 2150. Uses the workshop method and analysis of published texts to broaden and deepen understanding of creative writing genres, and develop individual voices. Sharpens writing skills through study of narrative and lyric structures and through revision.
    (LA)
    Prerequisite: WRI 2150  
  
  • WRI 5003 Preparing Academic Docs

    Credit Hours: 3
    Facilitates graduate students’ production of conference and journal papers and initiating a thesis or dissertation. Employs modeling and group interaction to analyze advanced academic literature.
    Requirement(s): Noncredit for communication majors
 

Page: 1 <- Back 1015 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25